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How Taliban Stormed Across Afghanistan, Smashing NATO-Trained Army in Ten Days_我的网站
一 | “以租代买”解锁消费新玩法(消费新知) 暑期上海迪士尼，花车巡游经过时，人群中举起的不只是手机，各式云台相机、长焦镜头也频频“登场”。 The August 15, 2021 fall of Kabul shocked the world, signaling the collapse of the West’s 20-year-long, multi-trillion-dollar nation-building experiment in Afghanistan in a single day.,Less than two weeks before the cataclysm, US and Afghan officials issued statement after statement expressing confidence in the Afghan military’s ability to fight on without American support on the ground.,“[The Afghan Army has] got greater numbers, they’ve got an air force, and, oh by the way, their air force is also flying…This is not an incompetent air force – they know how to fight from the air and they are. They have modern weaponry. They have military organizational ability as well as 20 years of training in the field by – not just the United States but our NATO and Allied partners. So they have a lot of advantages. It’s really just now about using those advantages,” Pentagon spokesman John Kirby told reporters in Washington on August 11, less than 100 hours before Kabul’s collapse.,In the chaotic few days that followed, Afghan Air Force personnel wound up flying nearly 50 helicopters and fixed-wing aircraft out of the country to neighboring Uzbekistan.,What happened? How did the US and NATO’s orderly withdrawal – which began in May 2021 amid fears that the Taliban would attack Western forces if they didn’t stick to the terms of the 2020 Trump-Taliban Doha peace deal, turn into such a humiliating and disorganized rout?,Paper Tiger vs Shoeless Army,On paper, the Afghan government and army seemed prepared for a years-long slog, similar to the one put up by the Soviet-backed Democratic Republic of Afghanistan, which managed to hold out against the Mujahedeen independently between 1989 and early 1992, even as the jihadists received billions in arms and cash from the CIA, Saudi and Egyptian intelligence, Pakistan and China. By comparison, the NATO-backed Afghan Army had serious problems with foreign support for the Taliban, with the insurgent group’s only major foreign backer consisting of Pakistan’s Inter-Services Intelligence.,The Afghan military boasted a total size of some 300,000 personnel – the 16th largest army in the world, along with an impressive array of $85 billion in US-gifted weaponry, including tens of millions of guns, grenades and rocket launchers, 8,500 Humvees, hundreds of armored personnel carriers, infantry fighting vehicles, tanks, mine-resistant ambush protected vehicles, and thousands of heavy and light trucks.,The Air Force’s inventory included more than two hundred Russian and US-made attack and utility helicopters, dozens of transport planes, and close to 30 Cessna 208 and A-29 Super Tucano ground attack and COIN jets.,US 'Lost Track' of Afghan War Aims, Says Retired Marine General12 August, 17:00 GMT,Facing off against them were the Taliban: a rag-tag group of militants whose core fighting force was estimated to consist of about 60,000 fighters, some of them shoeless, no air force, and limited mobility due to their adversary’s total air superiority and control of fuel.,Behind the scenes, a sprinkling of media reports and testimonies from Afghan soldiers and officials told a sobering story previewing the coming disaster, discussing the widespread disillusionment, demoralization and corruption centered around military and police structures based more on patronage, personal power and enrichment than competence and aptitude.,“There is no motivation for the army to fight for the corrupt government and corrupt politicians here,” Ahmad Wali Massoud, Afghanistan’s former envoy to the UK, told the Wall Street Journal on August 10, a few days before Kabul’s collapse.,“They are not fighting for [then-Afghan President Ashraf] Ghani. They haven’t even been fed properly. Why should they fight? For what? They are better off with the Taliban, which is why they are switching sides like that,” Massoud explained.,US Military Vehicles Falling Into Taliban Hands at Alarming Rate, Report Finds3 July 2021, 15:14 GMT,Ghani himself would end up fleeing the country as Kabul fell, with his entourage reportedly carrying so much money in suitcases from the state coffers that he had to leave some of it behind. Ghani has categorically dismissed these reports and denied allegations besmirching his good name.,John Sopko, the US inspector general for Afghanistan, warned Congress in March 2021 about the state of the Afghan’s military’s demoralization, admitting that “endemic corruption” was a threat, and that it was “fueling” the insurgency and giving the Taliban the means to gain public support.,Another problem, according to a May 2021 report by the Associated Press, was lack of professionalism. Attiqullah Amarkhiel, a former Afghan Army major general, told the news agency that while the Moscow-allied Afghan Army of 1989 consisted of about 150,000 high school educated troops. By contrast, he said, the NATO-trained crack troops of the Western-backed Afghan government had just six-to-eight weeks of basic training, with most recruits uneducated and/or allied to warlords.,“Then we had quality. Today we have quantity,” Amarkhiel said.,Blitzkrieg,This demoralization and corruption, combined with what The Intelligencer characterized as an institutionally built-in deep overdependence on US coalition support, culminated in the events of early-mid-August 2021.,By mid-July of that year, the Taliban was able to take advantage of coalition forces’ withdrawal by establishing control over large swathes of the Afghan countryside. However, no major cities and none of the country’s 34 provincial capitals were under the group’s control at the time. Throughout its two-decade insurgency campaign, the Taliban only launched one major strategic offensive against a government-controlled city – striking Kandahar in May 2011 before retreating back into the countryside.,Fast forward a decade, and the militant group would finally cast off their inhibitions about offensives cities.,On August 6, the militants captured Zaranj, capital of the southern province of Nimruz near the border with Iran, in a lightning attack, with government forces putting up light resistance and local bureaucrats fleeing the city.,A day later, the militants captured Sheberghan, capital of Jawzjan province, after heavy fighting. On August 8, Sar-e-Pul, Kunduz and Taluqan, three provincial capitals in the north of the country, fell, followed by Aybak in the northern Samangan province on August 9.,August 10 witnessed the collapse of Farah in the west and Pul-e-Khumri in Afghanistan’s center. A day later, Faizabad, capital of the northeastern province of Badakhshan also fell.,Animation showing Taliban's inexorable march towards Kabul. “The problem with the army was not lack of training or weapons. The most important thing in war is politics”Read @AmyKazmin @KatrinaManson and @b_parkyn's story on why the Afghan army foldedhttps://t.co/bjjJdPp15J pic.twitter.com/Ll6JrHQWLH— Steven Bernard (@sdbernard) August 15, 2021,August 12-13 would become the darkest days for the Afghan army and government up to that point, with the cities of Ghazni, Herat, Kandahar, Lashkar Gah, Qala-e-Naw, Feruz Koh, Pul-e-Alam, Terenkot and Qalat falling to the Taliban in the space of 48 hours. On August 14, the strategic northern city of Mazar-i-Sharif fell.,Finally, on August 15, 2021, Kabul and the eastern city of Jalalabad collapsed – falling, awkwardly, while tens of thousands of coalition troops, contractors, diplomats, Afghan puppet administration assistance and Western intelligence agents were still in the country.,© AP Photo / Rahmat GulA U.S. Chinook helicopter flies over the city of Kabul, Afghanistan, Sunday, Aug. 15, 2021. Taliban fighters entered the outskirts of the Afghan capital on Sunday, further tightening their grip on the country as panicked workers fled government offices and helicopters landed at the U.S. Embassy.A U.S. Chinook helicopter flies over the city of Kabul, Afghanistan, Sunday, Aug. 15, 2021. Taliban fighters entered the outskirts of the Afghan capital on Sunday, further tightening their grip on the country as panicked workers fled government offices and helicopters landed at the U.S. Embassy.© AP Photo / Rahmat Gul,In a post-op analysis of the events, General Yasin Zia, the former chief of staff of the Afghan army, estimated that some 4,000 security forces troops were killed, and 1,000 more gone missing, in the deadly weeks between July 1 and August 15, 2021 – with that figure representing about one half of the average of 8,000 Afghan security personnel killed each year over the previous five years.,Zia estimated that in total, some 92,000 members of the Afghan security forces died in the line of duty since 2001. Up to 100,000 Afghan civilians, tens of thousands of Taliban fighters, over 3,500 US and coalition troops, and 4,000+ Western mercenaries also perished.,* An organization under UN sanctions for terrorist activities.。北京95后白领林晓就是其中一员，去迪士尼前她曾纠结是否买台大疆Pocket 4，但平时出游不多，买了怕闲置。经推荐，她在人人租平台免押金租了一台，次日到货、配件齐全，两天花费不到百元。“体验很棒，对租用消费有了新认识。”林晓说。 林晓的经历是租用消费走入大众生活的生动注脚。
二 | 从演唱会长焦镜头到露营装备，从游戏卡带到智能机器人，从租车自驾到汉服礼服，一种“重使用、轻拥有”的新型消费方式，正成为消费市场一抹新色。 近年来，在政策与市场双轮驱动下，我国消费租用行业快速崛起。
三 | 今年1月，商务部等9部门联合印发《关于实施绿色消费推进行动的通知》，明确提出“大力发展绿色租赁服务，创新绿色消费模式，鼓励出行共享、空间共享、物品共享”；7月，国家发展改革委发布《循环经济发展“十五五”规划》，将规范二手商品流通、推动绿色消费列为重点任务。国家市场监管总局发展研究中心发布的《循环经济背景下的消费租赁行业健康发展白皮书》显示，2024年我国租赁经济交易规模突破4.2万亿元，同比增长32%，服务用户超7.5亿人次，数智平台交易额占比65%。 不买也能“享”，“租生活”圈粉年轻人。
四 | 暑期以来，租用消费全线升温。在出行端，神州租车订单量同比增长超30%，租车用户规模同步增长约三成；滴滴租车订单量持续攀升，日均订单同比增长超50%。在数码端，人人租平台数据显示，短期租用需求迎来爆发，相关订单同比增长66.8%；按品类来看，演唱会设备及游戏装备热度更高，分别同比增长388.5%、488.7%。 年轻群体成为绝对主力，95后、00后贡献了相关类目66.5%以上的订单。“以前总觉得租东西束手束脚，生怕磕了碰了要赔钱。”00后骑行爱好者陈曦租了一台佳能R50相机和镜头，7天才200多元，“经平台验机后发出，归还时轻微划痕不用赔，整个过程很踏实。”对数码、户外等“高单价、低频次”的物品，租用免去了购机折旧、闲置吃灰的烦恼，随用随租，性价比与体验双在线。 免押加验机，“敢租”有了硬支撑。 租用消费的普及，离不开信任机制的建立。信用免押模式大幅降低了消费门槛，为大量用户减免押金。《关于实施绿色消费推进行动的通知》提出，“推动‘人工智能+绿色消费’，创新智慧产品、智慧场景，利用先进技术加强资源匹配、智能调度，提升智能化服务水平，推动资源高效利用。
五 | ”依托先进数字技术赋能，相关经营主体加快探索实践。人人租平台在全国布局12个标准化仓储履约中心，通过智能化调度设备，将“次日达”服务覆盖200余座城市，履约效率提升约50%；同时，依托人工智能大模型，搭建起标准化、可追溯的验机品控体系，目前已累计拦截40余万台不合格设备流入租用市场，有效保障用户“无忧租用”的体验。 标准建设也在加速推进。去年5月，国家标准GB/T 45828—2025《共享闲置物品质量信息描述》正式颁布，填补了共享租用领域质量信息描述的标准空白；今年1月，《实物租赁 消费品线上租赁经营管理规范》团体标准落地实施，进一步完善全流程服务准则。从“起步摸索”到“有标可依”，租用消费的品质底线不断夯实。
六 | 同时，得物APP等电商平台纷纷上线租赁服务，覆盖数码产品、服饰配件、奢侈品箱包等百余个品类，行业生态日趋多元。 一物多次用，闲置资源“转”出绿色账本。 一台相机在不同消费者手中流转，一部手机完成多次“服役”，租用模式让闲置物品“忙”起来，也让资源消耗“降”下来。
七 | 据业内平台测算，规模化循环租用已累计促成超3000万次设备循环复用，减少约8万吨电子废弃物；个人寄租模式可使设备利用率提升10倍以上，生命周期延长3至5年。放眼全行业，二手交易、共享租用、以旧换新正形成合力，为绿色循环经济注入市场化动力。
八 | “租用消费本质上是所有权与使用权的分离，既降低消费门槛，又提高资源利用效率，是绿色循环经济的重要实践。”中国社会科学院社会学研究所研究员朱迪说，随着标准体系完善和服务升级，租用消费将从“小众选择”走向“大众常态”，为扩大内需与绿色发展注入双重动能。
九 | (人民日报 齐志明 张函嫣)。
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